Oneg Shabbos

However, Rebbe Yannai had a dream in which the following words were read to him: a splintered reed. He assumed that this was a reference to a verse in Melachim II, 18:21, “Behold you have relied on the support of this splintered reed.” Rebbe Yannai interpreted this as an omen from Heaven that he had been too rash in relying on the aforementioned leniency. He should not have designated terumah and ma’aser for produce that was not nearby.

He went to his rebbe, Rebbe Chiya, and inquired if his ruling was, in fact, correct. Rebbe Chiya assured him that it was and quoted the following verse: “So that you will learn to fear Hashem your G-d all the days.” “All the days” are a reference to Shabbos and yom tov. The verse is to be homiletically understood as teaching us that terumah and ma’aser should not be an impediment to oneg Shabbos.

Surely the verse is not permitting one to eat un-tithed produce on Shabbos and yom tov. Rather, the Torah is indicating that for the sake of the mitzvah of oneg Shabbos, one may employ special leniencies. Specifically, one may follow Rebbe Yannai’s practice and separate terumah and ma’aser even though the produce is not in his immediate vicinity.

Rebbe Yannai countered, “But I had a dream in which I was read ‘a splintered reed.’ Isn’t that an omen that I erred?”

Rebbe Chiya responded, “Just the opposite. The intended verse is ‘He will not break a splintering reed but will administer justice in truth’ (Yeshayah 42:3). The omen is that you ruled in accordance with the truth!” (Yevamos 93a—b).

The verse that Rebbe Chiya quoted demonstrated that one may employ a leniency in his preparation for oneg Shabbos. The Rashba points out that the concept of oneg Shabbos is clearly a biblical one. The Mishnah Berurah (250:1) writes that when purchasing an item for Shabbos, one should audibly declare that it is being bought l’kavod Shabbos. The Siddur Rashash takes this one step further. When one is actually enjoying Shabbos food, he should enunciate that he is fulfilling the mitzvah d’Oraisa of oneg Shabbos.

The fact that oneg Shabbos is, according to the Rashba, a mitzvah d’Oraisa also has relevance to the following question: May one purchase Shabbos food before the recitation of the morning Shema? Kriyas Shema is a mitzvah d’Oraisa, so one would think that it should certainly take precedence over shopping for Shabbos delicacies. However, if oneg Shabbos is a mitzvah d’Oraisa as well, perhaps it should come first.

The Pri Megadim says that Shema should take precedence in any case. This is due to the famous dictum of “tadir v’she’eino tadir, tadir kodem,” the more common mitzvah takes precedence. Since the mitzvah of Shema is applicable every day, it comes first. The Mishnah Berurah concludes that preferably one should say Shema and finish davening before shopping for Shabbos. But if a desired Shabbos delicacy will have been sold out by the time he finishes davening Shacharis, he should say Shema, then shop, and then daven.

What is the halacha if an item will be sold out before he finishes davening, but if he davens after he shops, he will have to daven without a minyan? Which takes precedence: shopping for Shabbos delicacies or davening with a minyan? The Biur Halachah says the answer is obvious: How could praying with a minyan, which is a rabbinical mitzvah, push off Shabbos preparation, which is a biblical one?